Tag: space exploration

  • Explosions are not Creation

    Explosions are not Creation

    A new essay about an impact shower on the terrestrial planets that happened almost concomitant to the beginning of multicellular life on the Earth’s surface, about 800.000.000 years ago, comes at a very convenient time. 

    Recently, debris from a SpaceX rocket collided with the Moon’s surface, creating a new crater and blasting material into space. The incident has renewed concerns about the growing problem of space debris (as if space exploration didn’t already have enough challenges).

    What is interesting about all these recent “scientific” happenings is the zeitgeist that (after many years) is still alive and kicking – that violent explosions and collisions can be for the best, and in some cases even necessary as Life triggers. 

    Pop-science tropes often cling to the idea that explosions, collisions, and bombs do not necessarily signify destruction, chaos, sadness, or loss. Ironically, the underlying message is that these destructive events can somehow be restorative (??) and signify new beginnings. While this trope discourse is becoming increasingly tiresome—likely due to the saturation of cinematic storytelling—the barrier to empirical evidence still remains.

    To illustrate, around 66.000.000 years ago, the South Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea were already in existence. The rearrangement of the continents (along with the tectonic plates) triggered geological activity that triggered atmospheric changes, which, together with the dramatic lowering of sea levels, led to a powerful extinction event. Geological data also shows that a massive astronomical body struck Earth’s surface around the same time, causing acid rain, freezing temperatures, and releasing particles in the atmosphere that would block sunlight. 

    According to pop science, the astronomical body collision was, alone, responsible for the extinction of the Dinosaurs and triggered the rise of mammals; therefore, the bombing that came from space was, all in all, good, because without it, we, human mammals, could not exist.  

    However, recent studies state that the aftermath of the massive astronomical body collision was likely fleeting – freezing temperatures reversed after 3 years, acid rain probably dissipated after 10 years, and the dust blocking the sunlight lasted up to a year. In addition, the fossil data about this particular extinction event does not indicate any pattern that this event was any different from the previous ones in terms of time span (thousands to millions of years) and number of species (proportionally). Also, according to empirical evidence, mammals started to inhabit the Earth’s surface millions of years before.

    Therefore, a meteor did hit the Earth’s surface around 66.000.000 years ago, but it is unlikely that it was alone responsible for the extinction event that included the dinosaurs – or the rise of mammals.

    It should go without saying, yet it bears repeating – It is very important to stop glorifying explosions and big destructive events as the catalyst of anything. Explosions shatter existing systems; they do not construct new ones. 

    Science advances when empirical evidence leads the story – and, so far, the evidence shows that life builds itself through resilience and gradual adaptation, not sudden shocks, not raw destruction.

    As for 2026, perhaps humans don’t need cataclysmic drama to find wonder in their origins anymore. The story evidence-based science actually tells is infinitely richer – Life isn’t sparked by violent shocks, but woven through quiet patience, intricate balance, and amazing endurance. The slow, persistent magic is what humans might be now ready to embrace.

    All references for this article that are not linked to the content can be found here.


  • The Moon is way more than just a stopover

    The Moon is way more than just a stopover

    According to empirical evidence, somewhere between 4.537.000.000 and 4.510.000.000 years ago, as a consequence of the Solar System’s formation, Earth could barely hold itself together; its shape was an ellipsoid, and it no longer had a surface, just a layer of rock gas that gets denser with depth. 

    An impact with another astronomical body occurs that makes Earth spin even faster, making it hotter until its equator can no longer remain coupled. Parts of the equator break off, vaporize, and settle into an orbit, forming a disk. The disk rapidly flares into a giant donut-shaped structure whose surroundings settle into the “lunar seed”, growing the Moon with no volatiles. 

    After just a few years, the donut-shaped structure shrank to inside the Moon’s orbit, and a newly formed large Moon emerged (the biggest Moon of the solar system, 1% of Earth’s mass), with Earth and Moon sharing the same isotopic profile (same number of neutrons in the atoms of their elements). 

    Tidal interactions between the Earth and the Moon act as a gravitational arm against Earth, affecting the orbital inclination and tilt of both (Earth and Moon). It gradually pulls the Earth’s axis tilt to 23.5 degrees while bringing the Moon’s orbit inclination to 5 degrees relative to the ecliptic (Earth plane orbit relative to the Sun) that we can observe today. According to the rock record, this process ended 4.510.000.000 years ago, the last time Earth’s global silicate system had been mixed. Lunar samples also state the same. 

    Over the years, the Earth and Moon relationship has become more entangled, intertwined, and sophisticated.  As for today, just one little aspect of it, the Moon’s gravitational pull, creates the ocean tides that in turn drive ocean currents and influence climate patterns across the Earth’s surface. 

    A 2018 study elegantly established the statistical correlation between El Niño and the Moon’s 18.6-year tidal cycle. El Niño events tend to occur in specific years relative to the lunar nodal cycle—specifically the 1st, 10th, and 13th years after the peak of the cycle. La Niña events, in contrast, tend to occur in the 3rd, 12th, and 16th years. Despite the resistance to such (lunatic) claims, and much criticism of this study (including a 2025 one), the statistical correlation itself has not been disproven.  

    In June 2026, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) confirmed the existence of an enormous cavern beneath the Moon’s surface—about 50 kilometers long and 100 meters wide. The cavern could serve as a natural shelter for future astronauts, protecting them from solar radiation and extreme temperatures. Contrary to the study that connects the Moon cycle and climate patterns, the discovery was received with great enthusiasm by the scientific community. 

    The enthusiasm is understandable—a natural lunar shelter is a remarkable finding. But it also reveals a pattern: the space race celebrates what can be used, while neglecting what is there and is not yet understood.

    The 24-hour rotation, gravity, tides, climate stability, and biological rhythms are all byproducts of the Earth and Moon relationship that has been going on for billions of years and that are still poorly understood. 

    And yet, curiously, the space race operates as if the Moon is merely a stepping stone. Plans for lunar bases and mining operations proceed as if the Moon is a resource to be extracted – rather than a partner to be understood.

    Perhaps there is a lesson here from colonization – The assumption that humans can arrive, take what they need, and move on has a poor track record. A more effective approach might be to start by understanding interactions. 

    There is no evidence that humans could reproduce or survive on a planet without a Moon like Earth’s Moon. The Moon is as crucial to human existence as Earth itself. That is why knowing about its origins — and its ongoing influence — matters so much.

    Learn first, before destroying. Recognize before the deadline what we actually depend on. Perhaps this time around, we might be able to make what is important not available for exploitation. 

    If you enjoy science writing, you can check my publication, Beliefs of a Female Architect. It unfolds what happened from the Big Bang to today’s world, completely grounded in empirical evidence. I’d be delighted to see you there.